Tuckmans Stages Of Team Development Model Education Essay

Tuckmans Stages Of Team Development Model Education Essay Tuckmans Stages of Team Development model explains how a team develops over time. The five stages of development are: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. According to Tuckman he says that all of the phases are necessary and inevitable. In order for the team to grow they most face up to challenges, problems, find solutions to problems, planning as a team, and to deliver results. Forming In this first stage of team building, the forming of the team takes place. The individuals behaviour is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict. Serious issues and feelings are avoided, and people focus on being busy with routines, such as team organization, which does what, when to meet, etc. But individuals are also gathering information and impressions about each other, and about the scope of the task and how to approach it. This is a comfortable stage to be in, but the avoidance of conflict and threat means that not much actually gets done. Storming Every group will then enter the storming stage in which different ideas compete for consideration. The team addresses issues such as what problems they are really supposed to solve, how they will function independently and together and what leadership model they will accept. Team members open up to each other and confront each others ideas and perspectives. Norming At the team enter into the Norming stage. Team members behaviour is adjuster to each other. Also the team develop work habits which make the work seem more natural and fluid the team members often work through this stage by agreeing on rules, professional behaviour, there shared methods and working tools. During this phase, team members start trust one other and motivation increases as the team gets more acquainted with their project and goals. Performing As for the teams who will reach the performing stage, the team members are now become interdependent, motivated and knowledgeable. The team members are now competent and able to handle and make decision without being supervision. Dissent is expected and allowed as long as it is channelled through means acceptable to the team. Adjourning was the later stage that Tuckman talk about and this stage is basically on involves dissolution that is terminating roles, completing each teams task and reducing dependency. TRAINING Training can be defined as an educational process. Where people can learn different new ideas and gain information. In most organisation go into training their works making them get and lean more thing. They are different type of training and it important. Why training is important in an organisation Most of the reasons why organisation goes into training are new employees have to learn and gain new skills, and also their motivation is likely to be high. On the other hand, training experienced employees can be problematic. The training needs of such employees are not always easy to determine, and when they can be, the individuals involved may resent being asked to change their established ways of doing their job. Organizations also use more ways to determine the training needs of employees. The performance appraisal: on this one each employees work are measured accorder to their performance standards and objectives established for his or her job. There are different types of training in which organization in training their employees. TYPES OF TRAINING METHOD LECTURE METHOD The lecture is best used for creating a general understanding of a topic. Several variations in the lecture format allow it to be more or less formal and/or interactive. In the pure lecture, communication is one way-from trainer to trainees. It is an extensive oral presentation of material. A good lecture begins with an introduction that lays out the purpose, the order in which topics will be covered, and ground rules about interruptions (e.g., questions and clarification). This is followed by the main body of the lecture in which information is given. The topic areas should be logically sequenced so that the content of preceding topics prepares trainees for the following topics. The lecture should conclude with a summary of the main learning points and/or conclusions. Advantages The lecture training is one of the most efficient teaching methods for presenting many facts or ideas in a relatively short time. Material that has been logically organized can be presented Concisely in rapid sequence. The lecture is particularly suitable for introducing a subject. To ensure that all Students have the necessary background to learn a subject; we can present basic information in a lecture. By using the lecture in this manner, we can offer students with varied backgrounds a common understand. A brief introductory lecture can give direction and purpose to a demonstration or prepare students for a discussion. The lecture is a convenient method for instructing large groups. If necessary, we can use a public address system to ensure that all students can hear us. The lecture is sometimes the only efficient method to use if student-to-faculty ratio is high. Disadvantages . The lecture does not lead to maximum achievement in certain types of learning. Speech skills, cooperative group thinking, and motor skills, for example, are difficult to teach with the lecture method. Students can develop such skills well only through practice. Moreover, the formal lecture alone is generally not appropriate for presenting material above the comprehension level of the cognitive domain. Because it allows for little or no student verbal participation, the formal lecture may also be inefficient for comprehension-level lessons in which concepts and principles are developed. The lecture does not provide teachers with an opportunity to estimate student progress before an examination. Within a single lecture period, we may unwittingly present more information than our students can absorb, and we have little accurate means during the lecture of determining what they have learned. Too often, the lecture makes no provision for participation by the students. As a result, many students willingly allow the instructor to do all the work. Learning is an active process, but the lecture method tends to foster passiveness and dependence on the instructor. APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING Apprenticeship training dates back to the Middle Ages, when skilled craftsmen passed on their knowledge to others as a way of preserving the guilds. Today, apprenticeship programs are partnerships between labour unions, employers, schools, and the government. They are most often found in the skilled trades and professional unions such as boiler engineers, electrical workers, pipe fitters, and carpenters. The typical apprenticeship program requires two years of on-the-job experience and about 180 hours of classroom instruction, though requirements vary. An apprentice must be able to demonstrate mastery of all required skills and knowledge before being allowed to graduate to journeyman status. This is documented through testing and certification processes. Journeymen provide the on-the-job training, while adult education centres and community colleges typically provide the classroom training. Formal apprenticeship programs are regulated by governmental agencies that also set standards and provide services. COACHING Coaching is a process of providing one-on-one guidance and instruction to improve the work performance of the person being coached in a specific area. It differs from other OJT methods in that the trainee already has been working at the job for some time. Usually, coaching is directed at employees with performance deficiencies, but it can also serve as a motivational tool for those performing adequately. Typically the supervisor acts as the coach. Like the OJT trainer, the coach must be skilled both in how to perform the task(s) and how to train others to do them. The amount of time supervisors devote to coaching activities steadily increased during the 1990s and will likely represent more than 50 percent of supervisors time by the new millennium. E-LEARNING Many companies have implemented e-learning, which encompasses several different types of technology assisted training, such as distance learning, computer-based training (CBT), or web-based training (WBT). Distance learning occurs when trainers and trainees are in remote locations; typically, technology is used to broadcast a trainers lecture to many trainees in many separate locations. Distance learning provides many of the same advantages and disadvantages as the lecture method. Distance learning can be much less expensive than paying for trainees in multiple locations to travel for a lecture, but it may reduce motivation to learn because of the remoteness of the trainer. Advantages Convenience is one of the major advantages of e-learning. It allows students to work and learn at their own pace without the unyielding time restrictions of traditional learning. Because e-learning provides access to learning materials at any time, students have the flexibility to schedule around families, jobs and other activities. Another major benefit of e-learning is the accessibility it provides. Students can learn from anywhere in the world. This is an especially important consideration for students who wish to study in a different country. In addition, because e-learning can be done from home, students have less clothing and driving expenses than with traditional learning. Disadvantages A major disadvantage to e-learning is the self-discipline it requires. While being able to work at your own pace can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage. This is especially true for students who have difficulty with time management and procrastination. These students tend to be more successful with the structure of traditional learning. Another disadvantage to e-learning is the technology involved. Some people do not have ready access to a computer and Internet connection. And some who do have the required equipment feel ill-equipped to use it. Lack of interaction between teacher and student is another drawback to e-learning. Some students need the immediate feedback that interaction provides. ON-THE-JOB TRAINING The most common method of training, on-the-job training (OJT) uses more experienced and skilled employees to train less skilled and experienced employees. OJT takes many forms and can be supplemented with classroom training. Included within OJT are the job-instruction technique, apprenticeships, coaching, and mentoring. Formal OJT programs are typically conducted by employees who can effectively use one-on-one instructional techniques and who have superior technical knowledge and skills. Since conducting one-on-one training is not a skill most people develop on their own, train-the-trainer training is required for OJT trainers. In addition to training the trainers, formal OJT programs should carefully develop a sequence of learning events for trainees. The formalized instructional process that is most commonly used is called the job-instruction technique . Advantages It is cost effective for the employer because the person continues to work whilst learning. Training time is reduced when compared to traditional off site learning. It has been tested for techniques ranging from milking cows by hand to brain surgery. Structured programs for training multiple trainers, and for in house training of new trainers exist and are available from numerous providers. These programs reduce the training times of unstructured OJT by more than 50% and reduce the perpetuation of less safe and more costly production techniques. Disadvantages Inconsistent Traditional OJT relies heavily on an experienced employee to provide the instructions based on what they feel are the most important topics. What is important to one employee may not be important to another. The result is what is learned may vary greatly, depending on who is assigned as the trainer. Lack of founding principles :While the hands-on aspect of OJT may appeal to the practical learner, often the underlying theories of operation are not covered in sufficient detail or accuracy. Without this foundation of knowledge, trainees often learn what to do, not why they are doing it, resulting in poor decision making when things dont go exactly right. Bad habits : The trainee observes and may adopt the trainers habits and attitudes about all aspects of the job including safety, quality, customer service, and relationship with management. Poorly selected trainers can have many unintended consequences.

Effects Of Technology In Area Of Business Essay

The way businesses are conducted today has been greatly affected by the new technology. Information technology has increasingly become a transforming technology fundamental to all types of businesses and fields such as: communications, manufacturing, medicine, research, administration, education, tourism and entertainment (Jones, 1996). The Internet has become vital for many businesses and people. People in many businesses are conducting business activities like communicating with other people, selling, buying and surfing the markets for new opportunities on internet. Cause/Effect Technology has affected the ways businesses are conducted both positively and negatively. Nonetheless, new technology has caused major increases in employment downstream and discloses the most significant characteristic whether it is used in the office environment, the factory or other industrial sectors of labor saving and capital saving (Gill, 1996). New technology in the area of business is taken as a way of increasing of efficiency of production, whilst decreasing cost and increasing competence. Technology has greatly affected the way information is accessed. Now easy access to information has become the central factor in the organization of businesses, society and national economies, and promoted the growth of a global economy (Gill, 1996). Although, this has not been accomplished without serious implications for privacy and security; with controls of centralized information on personal credit, health, educational, banking and insurance records (Jones, 1996). Due to the progress of recent advancements like the Internet and other technologies, there has been serious apprehension related to their effects on liberty, privacy, individuality and quality of communication (Jones, 1996).  However regardless of this fact, it is hard to pay no attention to or prevent technology form changing the way in which businesses are conducted. Conclusion On the whole, it can be said that the effect of technology on business cannot be understood in isolation. As discussed earlier, technology has positive as well as negative effects on businesses and society on the whole but at this point in time we cannot afford to stop using the new technology because it has become the backbone of many businesses (Gill, 1996). It has been observed that technology has been responsible for improvements such as: overall economic growth, opportunities for work expansion, significant restructuring of the workforce, increased productivity, enhanced living standards and the globalization of work. On the other hand, we have also seen the negative effects of technology like: the increased levels of unemployment in some employment categories, the invasion in privacy and liberty of society. In conclusion, the technology and its effects on businesses debate can never come to an end.

The Foolproof Paper Writers Strategy

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Jean-Paul Sartre Bad Faith - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1618 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Bad faith by Jean-Paul Sartre notes that human beings when they are under pressure act irrationally where they end up adopting false values by disowning their innate freedom due to the pressure of social forces. This is a close reflection of self-deception and resentment due to factors and conditions which an individual can not be able to change. Existentialism through a critical claim notes that human beings are free to make their choices and guide their life towards the path or goal which they have decided to follow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Jean-Paul Sartre Bad Faith" essay for you Create order Therefore human beings can not escape this reality by going contrary to the existentialism freedom but outside and external forces may limit an individuals ability to go out of this freedom, and that is known as facticity. This means that these forces can not push somebody to act outside certain realms because another can not overrun one course of action. This is because no matter what an individual does they still have freedom of choice on the actions which they chose. The consciousness of a person is their being-for-itself because the consciousness is nothingness because it can not be pointed out as a thing the way people point out at tables, chairs or their hands and legs . Thus Sartre defined consciousness as being a definition of itself which is conscious. This is what consciousness means by being-for-itself because it can be defined as conscious to infinity, it will always be conscious of itself. Being in itself is existentialism being how a person conducts themselves when they are present with choices of being different they stick to the virtues which they know to be true without going out of the consciousness. Being for others means that the decisions which an individual makes are all influenced by outside forces and what they action would result to if they acted in a particular manner . In that instance, the person does not control their freedom because it is based on the reaction of others. By doing that the individual would be acting in an unauthentic deceitful manner which goes against existentialism. The look plays a major role in others because human beings are judgmental and the perspective which they offer to a stranger is what remains as the image of that person unless there is a change. This change is what the new definition of the individual becomes because there was a transformation from the first moment of encounter to the second incidence. Bad faith according to Sartre is the habit that people develop by deceiving themselves that the choices they have made are the correct ones for fear that there will be consequences for their actions. By acting on these parameters, it means that the chance of doing something which goes against the set virtues limits somebody’s freedom of expressing their true self. This sets a person as a being-in-itself rather than being-for-itself because they are akin to an object rather than acting as a conscious human being . The example where the waiter plays the role of bad faith by acting a waiter even though they are human being though they have been conditioned to give a service of waiting at the restaurant means that human beings can not live a life which is not in bad faith. This is because most of an individuals life is set to follow particular procedures by the systems which have been set by the law and the rules and regulations which people follow so that they can not be outside the normality. The daily activities that people engage in conform them to act in a certain manner, and this is exemplified by practicing those habits and making them seem normal . The waiter knows nothing else except to do that job which they have perfected over time and trying to control them to leave the role of acting as waiters will deprive them of a consciousness decision which they have made. This means that the waiter has another life which they do not live in pretense but due to the conditioning of the environment which is being-in-itself because they are at the mercy of their employer. Therefore no amount of persuasion can make them leave their post of doing their job unless they are given the freedom of doing as they please, and they still retain the status quo of providing to their dependants and find means of paying for their daily needs . The incidence where the woman gives her hand to a gentleman who has taken her to dinner, and he is openly flirting with her so that she knows his intentions shows a different existential freedom which involves a person making decisions by following their consciousness. The difference between the lady and the waiter is the choices and freedom which they have been presented with according to the role they are playing. The lady is given unlimited choices on how to act to the advances of the gentleman whereas the waiter is confined to act to the role they are tasked with. This shows that human beings are subject to the double property of coordinating and doing things which are between facticity and transcendence and when people understand these two dimensions then they can understand bad faith. In that context, it shows that people can not live a life which is not in bad faith because the existence of the universe is based on irrationality and no matter how a person behaves their choic es will always catch up to them. The caress is like an extension of Sartre’s work on the look because of the close connectivity these two senses act in the definition of the consciousness of human beings. According to Mazis’s article on Sartre, there is close similarity on the definition of these two functions of human action because they are supposed to invoke emotions which make a person follow a certain degree when choosing what to act and follow. While the caress offers comfort and assurance, it is subjective to manipulate the recipient to act on varied reasoning which could not have happened if it was not there. This expression between people is being-for-itself because the person who this gesture is extended to will take some time before expressing the opinion which the caress is intended. To do contrary to this, the person needs an aggravated approach if they are supposed to act in a particular manner, but even in that situation, the person will still question the reason for the caress. This sho ws that in all the incidences the person had the freedom to chose what their actions would lead to and in that essence the absolute freedom comes from their consciousness . If consciousness is conscious then the person who the action of caress is being done on acts to imply the hand as an object and not part of their body which is an acknowledgment on their freedom to make choices . The look, on the other hand, acts with the same purpose as the hand but most of the time there are usually mixed reactions which an individual express from the look. By being given a look the person may act like they do not know what it means, but they would be acting in bad faith by pretending that they do not know. In that incidence, they will have lost their freedom because they will act to please themselves rather than act in according to the virtues which would guide them without fear of being judged. The context of the look shows that man being-in-itself because once they act in a manner that is contrary to what their observers require they then know there will be consequences whether they are good or bad . In committing bad faith, it does not mean that the person does not know what they are doing, but they direct and express themselves as that thing which is supposed to be judged by what it does. In doing that they forget that the consciousness of a human being acts mechanically to cause thoughts and actions which are subjective to personal freedoms of choice and they will always remain subjective to their conscious. Due to the implications by feminists that they should be subjected to the same opportunities and ideologies without discrimination and the means which those roles are achieved should not be subjected to favors due to the sex . This means that women would want to take full control of their responsibility and freedom which is contrary to Sartre’s belief of the existence of a human being should not be based on a reason to exist. By this response, the atheist nature of existentialist views that Sartre closely observed the reference of the female is defined by a phallus because the feminists demand the same respect as men. This reference by feminists is subjective to another object where in this instance is a man. By wanting to be treated as exactly how a man is treated, they objectify the man as being-in-itself because a feminist does not exist but a woman exists . This means that the woman makes herself to be a feminist and in doing so the woman comes to experience herself as an object like a chair. This is the reason why Sartre refers to women as objects who are constants demanding attention and approval from the males so that they can objectify some of the actions which they engage in their desire for equality. If women required to be treated as any other person because they exist as they are then consciously that would be being-for-itself because they would have accepted who they are without referring to the man and that is where freedom begins due to self-acceptance.